JavaScript Arrays Basics

We first got introduced to the concept of arrays all the way back in the JavaScript Data Types chapter. There, very briefly, we saw what exactly is an array; how to create one; how to add stuff to it; how to sort elements; and much more.

Now all that information was brief and only sufficient enough to give us a headstart on using arrays in JavaScript.

Arrays are full of tons and tons of concepts and applications, some of which require very careful understanding. We have things like mutability, dimensions, sparse vs. dense arrays, dynamicity, instance checks, and much more.

Arrays represent an extremely elementary concept in JavaScript and programming, in general, yet they're one of the most paramount tools in a programmer's inventory. Knowing them will allow you to implement many common algorithms out there with ease.

Let's dive into the learning.

Let's start by reviewing what exactly is an array, before moving over to explore the array of concepts related to arrays. (Nice rhyme, by the way!)

At the core level, from an abstract perspective:

The idea of an array is quite similar to the idea of a string. A string is a sequence of textual characters while an array is a sequence of items.

An array could be thought of as a 'list' of values. Let's say you were to store the list of numbers you obtained in recent exams, or the list of items to buy from the grocery store — in each case, what you'd need is an array.

Some people also define an array as an ordered collection of items. This is simply just the definition of the term 'sequence'.

Anyways, moving on, as with all sequences, each item in a given array sits at a given position. This is referred to as its index in the sequence. In programming, indexes typically begin at 0, and so do they in JavaScript.

Hence, the first item of an array is at index 0, the second one is at index 1, the third one is at index 2, and so on and so forth.

The total number of items in an array is referred to as the length of the array.

So if an array contains three items, its length would simply be equal to 3.

Alright, so with this basic theory in mind, let's now see how to create an array in JavaScript.

Creating an array in JavaScript is as easy as creating a number, string, or Boolean — thanks to array literals.

A pair of square brackets [] is the literal way to denote an array. Inside the brackets, we put the individual elements of the array, separated by commas (,) from other elements.

In general form, we could represent an array literal as follows:

[item1, item2, ..., itemN]

item1, item2, all the way up to itemN, each of these represents an item stored in the array.

Let's consider an example.

In the following code, we create an array holding the three numbers, 1, 2, and 3:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

Easy, wasn't this?

let strs = ['Hi', 'Hello', 'Bye'];

Let's now log this nums array:

[1, 2, 3]

The next snippet expands upon an important point regarding logging arrays in JavaScript which you must know.

Logging an array

An array is treated specially when logged in the console. That is, its output is made interactive.

Shown below is an example of logging the nums array created above:

Notice the small ▸ arrow before the array? Clicking this button shows the complete list of items in the array next to their respective indexes, as follows:

Throughout this course, when representing arrays in the console, we'll just show the actual value without any arrows. Something like the following:

nums

[1, 2, 3]

Anyways, coming back to the array nums, let's now compute the sum of its first two numbers and see the result. But wait... For this, we'll need to access the first and second element of nums.

How to do so?

To access an array element in JavaScript, we use what's called bracket notation. (Once again, this is something you've already seen back from the JavaScript Strings — Basics chapter.)

We begin with the array, followed by a pair of square brackets ([]). Inside these, we put the index of the element desired to be accessed.

In general notation, this could be expressed as follows:

arr[index]

arr is the array and index is the index of the element we wish to access.

Alright, now that we know how to access an array element, it's time to sum the first two numbers of nums. This is accomplished as follows:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(nums[0] + nums[1]);

The first number has index 0, hence we use nums[0] to access it. Similarly, the second number is at index 1, hence we use nums[1] to access it.

nums[0] evaluates to 1 and nums[1] evaluates to 2, hence nums[0] + nums[1] is the same as 1 + 2, which then evaluates down to 3.

Going forward, what if we decide to change the second number in nums from 2 to 20 during the course of the program?

Can we do that in a JavaScript array? A big yes!

To modify an exisiting array element, we use the same bracket notation we saw earlier above but in the context of an assignment. That is, the bracket notation is followed by an equals sign (=), followed by the new value to put at the desired index.

In general form, this could be expressed as:

arr[index] = newValue

arr is the array, index is the index of the element we wish to access, and newValue is the new value we want at arr[index].

Let's see a quick example:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];
nums[1] = 20;

console.log(nums[1]);

As can be seen in the log here, after executing nums[1] = 20, the second item of nums is no longer 2 — rather it is equal to the new value 20.

Let's add this new number to the third number in nums and see the return value:

nums[1] + nums[2]

23

As expected, it's 23 (20 + 3).

So at this point, we know how to create an array with given elements in it and then later on change that stuff. This has set the stage for exploring more features of arrays in JavaScript.

For the next step, let's find out how to add more elements to an array after it has been defined and how to remove given elements from an array.

There is more than just one way to add an element to an array in JavaScript. In this section, we'll cover the two most common ways — using bracket notation and the push() method.

The rest of the ways are usually more specific to given applications. We'll discuss them in the next chapter, JavaScript Arrays — Array Methods.

Bracket notation

Many programming languages won't allow us to access an index greater than or equal to the size of the array. For instance, in Python, doing so would throw an error of type IndexError.

JavaScript is, however, loosely-checked in many sectors — array indexes is one of these.

It's not invalid to access an array index that is greater than or equal to the array's length in JavaScript. In the context of access, such an expression returns undefined, while in the context of an assignment, it adds a new element at the specified position.

This means that to add an element to the end of an array, we could simply use something as follows:

arr[arr.length] = value;

arr.length is 1 greater than the last index of arr and so assigning a value to this index would add that value exactly at the end of arr.

Shown below is an example:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

nums[nums.length] = 10; // nums is now [1, 2, 3, 10]
nums[nums.length] = 20; // nums is now [1, 2, 3, 10, 20]
nums[nums.length] = 30; // nums is now [1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30]

console.log(nums);

[1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30]

We start by creating an array nums and then add three new items to it. Each item is added by assigning a value to the index nums.length, which comes right after the last element in the array.

Note that since arr.length merely returns an integer, if we already know the last index of the array beforehand, we can even manually provide the value for the next index.

In the code below, we do the same thing as we did above except for that now we manually pass the new indexes:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

nums[3] = 10;
nums[4] = 20;
nums[5] = 30;

console.log(nums);

[1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30]

Good.

Even though this approach is absolutely fine for adding an element to the end of an array, it's a little bit too much for such a simple task, as you'll probably agree — we have to manually provide the index where to add the new item.

A much simpler way to add an element to the end of an array in JavaScript, and one which is the typical and most common choice for this use case, is to use the push() array method.

push()

The push() array method takes a value as an argument and appends it to an array. 'Append' simply means to add an item to the end of the array.

It's also possible to provide multiple arguments to push() at once. In this case, they are all added one after another to the end of the array.

Syntactically, push() could be shown as follows:

arr.push(item1, item2, ..., itemN)

The best part of using push() to add a new item to an array is that we don't need to specify an index manually — the method takes care of the insertion logic itself.

In the code below, we create an array nums and then add three numbers to it, just as before:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

nums.push(10);
nums.push(20);
nums.push(30);

console.log(nums);

[1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30]

See how we don't have to care about giving indexes of where to put the new elements when we use push().

Amazing!

Often times while working with arrays, it's desired to remove given elements. This can be accomplished in a couple of ways depending on which element we wish to remove.

pop()

To remove the last element from an array, we use the pop() array method.

It requires no argument and, when called, removes and returns the last element from the given array.

Note that after calling pop(), the length of the array is changed and this is reflected in the length property of the array.

Let's remove the last two elements from our nums array, meanwhile logging the removed elements and the length of the array upon each removal:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

console.log('Removing:', nums.pop());
console.log('Length of nums:', nums.length);

console.log('\n');

console.log('Removing:', nums.pop());
console.log('Length of nums:', nums.length);

In the first set of log statements, nums.pop() removes 3 (the last element) from nums and consequently returns it. This return value is output in the console, followed by the new length of the array (which is now 2).

Similarly in the second set of log statements, nums.pop() removes 2 from nums and returns it. As before, this return value is displayed in the console, followed by the current length of the array (which is now 1).

shift()

The shift() method is quite similar to pop() in that it also removes a single element from a given array and takes no argument.

The main difference lies in the position at which it operates — shift() removes the first element from an array and shifts all elements up by one position.

Akin to pop(), shift() also modifies the length of the given array.

As before, let's witness shift() removing a couple of elements from our nums array, logging the removed value and the new length of the array as we do so:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

console.log('Removing:', nums.shift());
console.log('Length of nums:', nums.length);

console.log('\n');

console.log('Removing:', nums.shift());
console.log('Length of nums:', nums.length);

One important thing to keep in mind regarding shift() is that it involves shifting all subsequent items after the first item down by one position.

Compared to removing an element from the end of an array (using push()), this shifting takes some time — internally the engine iterates over each element and repositions it one step backwards.

So, if all what we want to do is remove all the elements from an array one-by-one without any specific place to begin (the start or the end), it's clearly better to use pop() since it doesn't involve any shifting costs.

The following code removes all elements from nums using a while loop, logging each removed element:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];

while (nums.length) {
   console.log('Removing:', nums.pop());
}

console.log(nums);

The condition nums.length in the header of while means that the loop only continues so long as nums.length returns a truthy value, i.e. the array is non-empty.

As with most of the data types in JavaScript, there is a global function which we could use to create an array — Array().

Now whether we call it in the context of a constructor, i.e. with the new keyword, or in the context of a normal function, i.e. without new, it doesn't matter. What's returned in both cases is an array object.

However, we'll use the constructor variant to stress emphasis on the fact that we're working with an object.

The Array() constructor has two distinct forms.

Calling Array() with a single integer argument

When it's called with a single, integer argument, Array() creates a sparse array with that many empty holes. (We'll explore sparse arrays later on in this unit):

new Array(length)

The length property of the array is set to the provided length argument.

For instance, new Array(5) would NOT create the array [5] but rather an array whose length is 5, comprised of 5 empty slots.

These empty slots don't have any value at all, not even undefined; they are totally blank. We'll discover what this means very shortly below.

Shown below is a demonstration:

let nums = new Array(3);

console.log(nums);

Notice the log made: empty x 3 simply means that the array has 3 empty spaces in it.

Keep in mind that these empty spaces are NOTundefined, even though when we access any one element, we get undefined returned as shown below:

nums[0]

The reason why we get undefined returned when accessing these empty spaces is because of the very nature of JavaScript — it's configured to always return undefined when accessing an undefined entity on a given value, for e.g. when accessing a non-existent property on an object.

In this case, since the accessed index is empty, and technically undefined, the interpreter returns undefined. This does NOT at all mean that the underlying value is actuallyundefined.

JavaScript is undoubtedly very weird at times!

So what exactly is the underlying value? Well, we'll answer this in the next section, where we go in depth over sparse arrays in JavaScript.

Anyways, now a fair question that comes in the mind of an experienced developer is that: Should we be using new Array(n), where n is an integer, to pre-initialize an array?

For example, if we know that an array ought to have 10 elements in it, is it better to pre-initialize it using new Array(10) and then work with it, or just stick to the normal approach of beginning with an empty array and then add the 10 elements using push()?

Let's find out...

Calling Array() with multiple arguments

On the otherhand, when Array() is called with multiple arguments, or with a single argument that is not a number, the arguments are taken to be elements of the array being created.

new Array([item1[, item2[, ...[, itemN]]]])

For instance,

• new Array('2') would return the array ['2'] since the single argument provided to it is not a number.
• new Array(1, '2') would return the array [1, '2'] since it is called with multiple arguments (even though the first argument is a number).

There is nothing special about the return value of new Array() in this case — it's the exact same array that we'd get using the array literal syntax.

In the code below, we re-create the nums array using the Array() constructor, and then exercise what we learned in this chapter regarding adding elements to an array:

let nums = new Array(1, 2, 3);

nums.push(10);
nums.push(20);

console.log(nums);

The expression new Array(1, 2, 3) is effectively the same as [1, 2, 3].

Back in the JavaScript Strings — Basics chapter, we learned that strings in JavaScript are immutable in nature, i.e. once created, they couldn't be changed.

Consider the code below where this idea is reviewed:

let str = 'Good';
str[0] = 'F';

console.log(str)

In the second statement, we aim to change the first character of the string str from G to F. The console's output, however, shows that this wasn't entertained — we still get 'Good' instead of the expected value 'Food'.

The reason for this behavior in JavaScript is because strings are immutable and hence couldn't be modified once created. The only way to change a character within a string is to create a new string with the new character.

The opposite concept to this is that of mutability.

In JavaScript, arrays are mutable in nature. That is, we can change — or better to say, mutate — them once created.

The classic example to demonstrate mutability of arrays is as follows:

let nums = [1, 2, 3];
nums[1] = 10;

console.log(nums);

We create an array nums with a couple of elements and then modify its second element. After this, we log the array to see if the modification was considered or simply ignored (as in the case of strings):

[1, 10, 3]

The console's output is evident of the fact that the array nums was mutated. This confirms that arrays are mutable in JavaScript.

Had arrays been immutable, this example wouldn't have led to nums being changed; instead, it would've remained as [1, 2, 3].

In all the examples of arrays we've seen uptil now, how many times did we need to specify an index? Once, right?

Therefore, all those arrays are referred to as one-dimensional arrays.

But we can go beyond that as well because of a very simple fact. Recall that array elements can be of any type in JavaScript, and arrays are no exception to this.

Likewise, when we have arrays as the elements of an array, we have a multi-dimensional array. The array can be two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and even further than that.

Take a look at the code below:

let arr = [[1, 2], [5, 3]]; // a 2D array

The array arr has two elements - both arrays themselves.

If we want to access the number 1 in the code above, we need to first refer to the first element of arr, and then to the first element of this selected array.

The following snippet logs all the four numbers in the code above:

console.log(arr[0][0]); // 1
console.log(arr[0][1]); // 2
console.log(arr[1][0]); // 5
console.log(arr[0][1]); // 3

When we write arr[0][1], arr[0] returns the first element of arr, and since this element is itself an array, we can further fetch elements by using the same notation.

The part [1], after arr[0] (arr[0][1]), fetches the second element out of the array arr[0] (which is [1, 2]), and consequently returns 2.

Such simple!

2D arrays are by far the most common class of multi-dimensional arrays in programming. They are used to represent different kinds of structures and information: matrices, graphs, tabular data, etc.

Iterating over 2D arrays is a norm when working with them. For this, because we need to iterate in two dimensions, we require a nested for loop.

An example is shown below for iterating over arr above:

let arr = [[1, 2], [5, 3]];

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
   for (let j = 0; j < arr[i].length; j++) {
      console.log(arr[i][j]);
   }
}

First, we iterate over the outer array, hence the usage of arr.length in the first loop's condition. Then, for each of the elements in this array, we retrieve the element — which is an array too — and then iterate over it.

This iteration requires us to retrieve the length of this array, arr[i], and that's done with the help of arr[i].length.

Pretty simple, isn't it?

In JavaScript, it's possible to check whether a given value is an array, but at least not using the typeof operator. Can you recall why, back from the JavaScript Data Types chapter?

Well the answer is simple — because the operator returns 'object' even for arrays!

let arr = [1, 2];

console.log(typeof arr);

So how can we check for an array?

Well there are a couple of ways:

The instanceof operator

The simplest way to check whether a given value is an array or not is to use the instanceof operator.

Here's its syntax to check for an array:

value instanceof Array

If value is an array, this expression would return true; otherwise it would return false.

Let's try using instanceof on a couple of values:

[] instanceof Array

[1, 2, 3] instanceof Array

null instanceof Array

true instanceof Array

{0: 1, 1: 2} instanceof Array

In the first two cases, since the given value is an array, we get true returned. In all other cases, since the given values are not arrays, false is returned.

The best part about using instanceof is that it is very well-supported on older browsers.

However, there is one case where instanceof doesn't work as expected. It's detailed below.

In an iframe, if you want to check whether an outsider value is an array, the following code won't work as expected:

// this is code inside an iframe
// outsideArray is obtained from the outside window

console.log(outsideArray instanceof Array);

The reason is because the outsider value is based on the Array object type in its own execution context, NOT on the Array object is another window's execution context. You'll learn more about this in the JavaScript Objects unit.

The Array.isArray() method

The second way to check whether a given value is an array is to use the isArray() method on the global Array object.

Syntactically, it could be shown as follows:

Array.isArray(value)

It returns true when the value argument is an array, and false otherwise.

Consider the following snippet:

Array.isArray([])

Array.isArray([1, 2, 3])

Array.isArray(null)

Array.isArray(true)

Array.isArray({0: 1, 1: 2})

The return value for each statement here is the same as that using the instanceof operator, as we saw above.

Unlike instanceof, Array.isArray() can also solve the outer-window array check problem we saw above.

// this is code inside an iframe
// outsideArray is obtained from the outside window

console.log(Array.isArray(outsideArray));